Answers from Dr. Raczkowski

Dr. Allen Raczkowski practices Cardiothoracic Surgery and General Surgery at Banner Heart Hospital in Mesa, Arizona. Renowned as the world's leading robotic cardiac surgeon, Dr. Raczkowski uses a special technology, the Da Vinci robot, which enables him to perform delicate procedures such as valve repairs and coronary artery surgery, producing better results, and offering patients a better quality of life in much less time than traditional heart surgery. Dr. Raczkowski graduated from the Wayne State University School of Medicine with an MD and has been in the profession for over 30 years. Visit him online at www.bannerhealth.com.

Answers
Coronary artery bypass is the gold standard for coronary artery disease. However, there are many other ways to treat it.
Mechanical heart valves are made of pyrolytic carbon, similar to industrial grade diamond. It is very hard and wears very little.
A leaky valve (also called an Incompetent valve) means that a portion of the blood flow moves backwards to the normal flow. If the backward flow is too large, heart failure can result.
Repair of these aneurysms has changed drastically with the advent of endoluminal stent grafting. Read the doctor's full answer.
Your father is fortunate that this flow is present and that the grafts are not needed to provide it. Read the doctor's full answer.
Traditionally, aortic aneurysms are operated on when they reach 5 cm -- but it depends on other factors. Read the full answer.