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Once you have that (document it for yourself!), then each place you need information from, request a password reset (most login prompts have a "forgot password" prompt, some also have the "forgot username" prompt too. These send email to the email on file, with instructions.) Even though everything else is paperless, W2s, 1099s, etc will come in the mail.
The taxes themselves depends on how he filed previously. If it was something like TurboTax, you might have to work with them. Often you need to know what the last year's return was. If he used a service like H&R Blockheads, they might have something on file. If he files through some other online system, they might be able to help, if he knows who it was.
NOTE: As I mentioned to someone else, federal entities do not honor POAs. If you need a copy of his previous tax return, the Online transcript request on the IRS page has this warning:
"Caution: The Get Transcript Service is for individual taxpayers to retrieve their own transcripts for their own purposes. Use by any other entities is prohibited."
I do understand the need, so proceed with caution. If you use the regular mail method, have dad sign the request. If requesting by phone, he will have to make the request, not you. You may have to lookup how to do a state return or call the tax department for his state to get instructions. No clue if they have any kind of filing extension.
All this may take time, so request an extension by using IRS Form 4868 OR do it online per instruction on
https://www.irs.gov/forms-pubs/extension-of-time-to-file-your-tax-return
This form has to be filed by 4/15/21, but the actual filing would be due no later than 10/15/21.
NOTE: you will have to estimate how much he might owe, report it on the form and pay for that when you file Form 4868. The online request should have instructions and a payment form to submit. If you don't and he owes, there will be late fees and interest charged. If he ends up not owing, you will get that money back as part of his refund. Stinks to tie up funds, so the sooner you can file, the better.
If you have access to his bank account, you can search for debits and credits to see if he has paid or received refunds.
When you have the W2s, 1099s, etc, you can estimate his taxes on paper by printing the 1040 form (note there is a SS calculation worksheet that is NOT part of the 1040 form. Most people only pay tax on part of SS - the worksheet can be found in the 1040 instructions - takes a bit to find the page, but print JUST that page!) This may help to calculate how much he might have to pay with the extension form. Also note that there's an extra deduction for those over 65 (std is 12,550, looks like single over 65 is add'l 1700?)
Hoping you can get all you need... Taxes are NOT fun!
https://www.irs.gov/individuals/transcript-types-and-ways-to-order-them
Wishing you good luck for sure. You may have to delay filing this year. I am hoping you are using a CPA who worked with Dad in past, who will also be of value to you; make an appointment today if that's the case. Hope you'll update us.
Although other argue with me, saying they manage their LOs SS via the bank account, yes, it can "work", but it isn't legal. I did this when I first took over mom's finances. I had been doing her taxes as well, but all the relevant paperwork (W2s, 1099s, etc) were sent to her address.
After the move I would just pick up her mail (they had locking mailboxes, so it was safe there.) As we were planning to sell the condo, the address HAD to be changed. Federal mail will NOT be forwarded. The only way around this was to sign up as Rep Payee. The paperwork that comes with it explicitly states that NO ONE is legally allowed to "manage" anyone else's SS funds.
So, when they live with you, you with them or their mail was already coming to your address so even after they move to facility you get it, it still isn't legal.
If you choose not to sign up, just know SS is NOT going to send the needed paperwork.