Certain risk factors are linked to the development of osteoporosis and contribute to an individual's likelihood of developing the disease. Many people with osteoporosis have several risk factors, but others who develop the disease have no known risk factors. There are some you cannot change and others you can. Risk factors you cannot change:
- Gender - Your chances of developing osteoporosis are greater if you are a woman. Women have less bone tissue and lose bone faster than men because of the changes that happen with menopause. However, men do osteoporosis.
Age - The older you are, the greater your risk of osteoporosis. Your bones become thinner and weaker as you age.
- Body size - Small, thin-boned women are at greater risk.
- Ethnicity - Caucasian and Asian women are at highest risk. African American and Hispanic women have a lower but significant risk.
- Family history - Fracture risk may be due, in part, to heredity. People whose parents have a history of fractures also seem to have reduced bone mass and may be at risk for fractures.
Risk factors you can change:
- Sex hormones - Abnormal absence of menstrual periods (amenorrhea), low estrogen level (menopause), and low testosterone level in men can bring on osteoporosis.
- Anorexia nervosa - Characterized by an irrational fear of weight gain, this eating disorder increases your risk for osteoporosis.
- Calcium and vitamin D intake - A lifetime diet low in calcium and vitamin D makes you more prone to bone loss.
- Medication use - Long-term use of glucocorticoids and some anticonvulsants can lead to loss of bone density and fractures.
- Lifestyle - An inactive lifestyle or extended bed rest tends to weaken bones.
- Cigarette smoking - Cigarettes are bad for bones as well as the heart and lungs.
- Alcohol intake - Excessive consumption increases the risk of bone loss and fractures.
Osteoporosis is often called the "silent disease" because bone loss occurs without symptoms. People may not know that they have osteoporosis until their bones become so weak that a sudden strain, bump, or fall causes a hip to fracture or a vertebra to collapse. Collapsed vertebrae may initially be felt or seen in the form of severe back pain, loss of height, or spinal deformities such as kyphosis (severely stooped posture).